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Case study · Manufacturing

Every part inspected, not just a sample

Manual inspection catches defects on a sample, and tired eyes miss some of those. This is how we added cameras and computer vision to a production line to inspect every part, flag defects in real time and learn from operators' decisions.

Project overview

Automated visual inspection with computer vision.

Industry
Manufacturing
Client
Confidential
Solution
Visual quality inspection
Platform
Edge AI + Azure ML
Timeline
12–20 weeks
Team
3 people
Inspection
100% of parts
Latency
Real time at line speed
Integration
PLC reject signal

Expected business outcomes

What the client set out to achieve

Detection rates are validated on labelled images from the client's own line.

  • 95%+ Defect detection on validated defect types

    Measured on a held-out set of labelled images.

    Target for defect types with enough examples

  • 100% Of parts inspected

    Every part imaged at line speed instead of sampling.

    Where the camera station covers the line

  • Lower Customer returns for visual defects

    Fewer defective parts leave the factory.

    Measured over several months after go-live

Business challenges

Where the client started

Inspection relies on people and sampling.

Inspection

Operators inspect a sample of parts by eye.

Consistency

Results vary by shift and person.

Records

Defects noted on paper with little detail.

Customers

Some defects reach customers and come back as complaints.

Speed

Line speed limited by how fast people can check.

Proposed solution

What the build covers

Imaging quality matters as much as the model.

  • Imaging station

    Cameras and lighting designed for the defects that matter.

  • Defect models

    Models trained on labelled images of good and defective parts.

  • Edge inference

    Inspection at line speed on an edge device next to the line.

  • Line integration

    Reject signals to the PLC and results to the quality system.

  • Operator review

    Operators confirm or correct uncertain cases, labelling new data.

  • Quality dashboard

    Defect rates by type, shift and batch.

Project requirements

What the client asked us for

The request was automated inspection. Success starts with imaging: consistent lighting and angles make defects visible to the model.

Operators stay involved, reviewing uncertain cases, which keeps quality high and improves the model over time.

What the project had to deliver

  • 01Every part inspected
  • 02Real-time rejection
  • 03Operators review uncertain cases
  • 04Defect data for improvement

Key challenges & considerations

What made it harder, and what we did

  1. Rare defect types with few examples

    What we did

    Examples of rare defects were collected deliberately and added to the training set over time.

  2. Variable lighting and surface finishes

    What we did

    Controlled lighting and an enclosure were designed before any model was trained.

  3. Line speed and space constraints

    What we did

    The cameras and the edge computer were chosen to fit the line speed and the space available.

  4. Changes in product variants

    What we did

    New variants were added through a retraining process run with the quality team.

What we watched for

  • Prove visibility before building models
  • Invest in lighting
  • Collect examples of rare defects
  • Keep operators in the loop

Development process

Imaging, data, model, line

A feasibility test on real parts comes before any line work.

  1. Stage 1

    Feasibility

    Sample parts imaged to confirm defects are visible.

  2. Stage 2

    Data collection

    Images labelled with quality engineers.

  3. Stage 3

    Models

    Models trained and validated on held-out images.

  4. Stage 4

    Line integration

    Edge device and reject signal installed.

  5. Stage 5

    Operation

    Operator review loop and monthly model updates.

Technology stack

Edge computer vision

Inference on the line, training in the cloud.

Vision

  • Industrial cameras
  • Controlled lighting

Machine learning

  • PyTorch / ONNX models
  • Azure Machine Learning

Edge

  • Edge GPU device
  • Low-latency inference

Integration

  • PLC signals
  • Quality system

Quality assurance & deployment

Measured against a test set before launch

AI quality was measured, not judged from a demo. A test set of real examples with agreed answers decided whether the system was ready, and the same set was re-run after every change.

  • A test set of real examples with agreed answers
  • Accuracy thresholds agreed with the business before launch
  • Safety checks: refusals, permissions and prompt-injection tests
  • A person reviewing low-confidence output
  • Cost and response time measured at real volumes

Deployment

  • 01Line integrationEdge device and reject signal installed.
  • 02OperationOperator review loop and monthly model updates.
  • 03Pilot, then staged rolloutA small group of real users first, with results reviewed weekly before widening access.
  • 04Monitoring and warrantyAccuracy, drift, usage and cost tracked after launch, and six months of free bug fixing.

Final deliverables

Quality at line speed

Every part is inspected at line speed, defects are rejected automatically and operators review the uncertain cases.

Quality engineers finally have detailed defect data to fix root causes.

  • 100% inspection
  • Automatic rejection
  • Operator review loop
  • Defect analytics

Handed over to the client

  • 01Production AI serviceDeployed in the client's own cloud tenant
  • 02Source code and modelsIn a repository the client can access
  • 03Test set and resultsThe evidence behind the launch decision
  • 04MonitoringAccuracy, usage and cost
  • 05Six-month warrantyFree bug fixing after delivery

Success metrics

How success is measured

MeasureOutcomeHow it is measured
Defect detection on validated defect types 95%+ Target for defect types with enough examples
Of parts inspected 100% Where the camera station covers the line
Customer returns for visual defects Lower Measured over several months after go-live

Verified reviews

What clients say about our custom software work

Verified reviews from our clients on the same kind of work, published on Clutch.

5.0 27 verified reviews

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